General moves - Revision history

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	<h2>Signal understanding</h2>		<h2>Signal understanding</h2>
	An utterance which signals understanding. <!--\parencite{karagjosova2005dialogue}-->.<ref name="karagjosova2005dialogue"/>		An utterance which signals understanding explicitly. <!--\parencite{karagjosova2005dialogue}-->.<ref name="karagjosova2005dialogue"/>

	-'''Example (1):'''		-'''Example (1):'''

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	<h2>Signal partial understanding</h2>		<h2>Signal partial understanding</h2>
	An utterance which signals partial understanding. <ref name="karagjosova2005dialogue"/>		An utterance which explicitly signals partial understanding. <ref name="karagjosova2005dialogue"/>

	-'''Explainer''':["We're gonna talk about some science.", 'Do you like science?']		-'''Explainer''':["We're gonna talk about some science.", 'Do you like science?']
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	<h2>Signal non-understanding</h2>		<h2>Signal non-understanding</h2>
	An utterance that signals that the speaker has not understood the previous utterance, i.e., did not hear it or could not make sense of it. Instances for that move are “I don’t understand” and variants like “What did you say?”. <!-- \parencite{karagjosova2005dialogue} --><ref name="karagjosova2005dialogue"/>		An utterance that [explicitly] signals that the speaker has not understood the previous utterance, i.e., did not hear it or could not make sense of it. Instances for that move are “I don’t understand” and variants like “What did you say?”. <!-- \parencite{karagjosova2005dialogue} --><ref name="karagjosova2005dialogue"/>

	Example (1): The following statements signals non-understanding:		Example (1): The following statements signals non-understanding:

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	-What do you mean?		-What do you mean?

	~~Example (2): Below is a part of an explanation dialogue between an explainer and an explainee, where the '''''Signal non-understanding''''' move has been highlighted.~~
	~~'''Explainer:''' ['Well, it has to do with, a lot with gravity,', 'do you know what gravity is?']~~
	~~'''Explainee:''' ['No, not at all.']~~
	~~'''Explainer:''' ["It's what keeps us on the earth."]~~
	~~'''Explainee:''' ['''''What?'''''] ---> '''''Signal non-understanding'''''~~
	'''Explainer:''' ["The reason we're not just flying off the earth is", 'because earth has gravity, so if we throw something up,', "it comes back down, so that's why", "when we're walking on the earth,", "we don't fly off the earth because the earth has gravity,", 'and it keeps us down.']

	<h2>Substantive backchannel</h2>		<h2>Substantive backchannel</h2>
	Substantive backchannel is a type of backchannel response. Substantive backchannels consist of more substantial turn-taking by the listener and usually manifest as asking for clarification or repetitions. More substantive backchannels such as "oh come on, are you serious?" require a context where the speaker is responding to something exasperating or frustrating. <ref name="chi2008observing">Chi, M. T., Roy, M., & Hausmann, R. G. (2008). Observing tutorial dialogues collaboratively: Insights about human tutoring effectiveness from vicarious learning. Cognitive science, 32(2), 301-341</ref>		Substantive backchannel is a type of backchannel response. Substantive backchannels consist of more substantial turn-taking by the listener and usually manifest as asking for clarification or repetitions. More substantive backchannels such as "oh come on, are you serious?" require a context where the speaker is responding to something exasperating or frustrating. <ref name="chi2008observing">Chi, M. T., Roy, M., & Hausmann, R. G. (2008). Observing tutorial dialogues collaboratively: Insights about human tutoring effectiveness from vicarious learning. Cognitive science, 32(2), 301-341</ref>

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	<h2>Disjunctive question</h2>		<h2>Disjunctive question</h2>
	A Disjunctive question requires a short answer. Disjunctive questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "~~Is a fact true? Did an event occur?~~Is X or Y the case? Is X,Y,or Z the case?". <!-- \parencite{graesser1994question} --> <ref name="graesser1994question"/>		A Disjunctive question requires a short answer. Disjunctive questions are formed according to the following abstract specification: "Is X or Y the case? Is X,Y,or Z the case?". <!-- \parencite{graesser1994question} --> <ref name="graesser1994question"/>

	'''Example:'''		'''Example:'''

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	<h2>Echo Response</h2>		<h2>Echo Response</h2>
	~~And~~ echo ~~response (also called an~~ echo answer~~) "~~is an answer that repeats elements of the question. This response form occurs after yes/no ~~questions and “statements about B-events”~~. According to Svennevig<ref name"echo_response">Svennevig, Jan. Echo Answers in Native/Non-Native Interaction. 2010. In Pragmatics, Vol. 13, No.2. 2003. DOI:10.1075/prag.13.2.04sve</ref>, “echo answers have two main usages. The first is to appropriate a candidate formulation and integrate it into one’s own turn in progress…The other is to claim a strengthened commitment to the answer…”		Echo Response is a move inspired by the notion of an echo answer. “An echo answer is an answer that repeats elements of the question. This response form occurs after yes/no questions…". According to Svennevig<ref name"echo_response">Svennevig, Jan. Echo Answers in Native/Non-Native Interaction. 2010. In Pragmatics, Vol. 13, No.2. 2003. DOI:10.1075/prag.13.2.04sve</ref>, “echo answers have two main usages. The first is to appropriate a candidate formulation and integrate it into one’s own turn in progress…The other is to claim a strengthened commitment to the answer…”

	'''Example (1):'''		'''Example (1):'''

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	<h2>Elaboration</h2>		<h2>Elaboration</h2>
	~~This is~~ an ~~assertion by the tutor that fills in missing information that the tutor regards as important, but otherwise might be missed by the student~~. In ~~essence~~, ~~information~~ is ~~simply transmitted from~~ the ~~tutor~~ to ~~the learner~~, ~~as opposed to having the learner generate the information~~		Elaboration refers to an utterance where more details are added concerning what has already been said. In other words, "elaboration is the act of adding more information to existing information to create a more complex, emergent whole." <ref name="Elaboration">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaboration</ref>
	~~<!--\parencite{GRAESSER199935}~~. ~~-->~~<ref name="~~GRAESSER199935~~">~~Graesser, A~~. C.~~, Wiemer~~-~~Hastings~~, K.~~, Wiemer~~-~~Hastings~~, P.~~, Kreuz, R., & Tutoring Research Group. (1999). AutoTutor: A simulation of a human tutor. Cognitive Systems Research, 1(1), 35~~-~~51.‏</ref~~>
			<!--* Elaboration mostly adds more than one piece of fact/opinion, and it is mostly more than one sentence.-->
			<!--* Follow-up statement mostly adds one piece of fact or opinion, and it is mostly restricted within one sentence.-->

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	-'''''Explainee:''''' ['Anywhere from between one to six hours.']		-'''''Explainee:''''' ['Anywhere from between one to six hours.']
	-'''''Explainer:''''' ['''''One to six hours?''''' "That's a long nap."] -->'''''Echo Question'''''		-'''''Explainer:''''' ['''''One to six hours?''''' "That's a long nap."] -->'''''Echo Question'''''

			<h2>Echo Response</h2>
			And echo response (also called an echo answer) "is an answer that repeats elements of the question. This response form occurs after yes/no questions and “statements about B-events”. According to Svennevig<ref name"echo_response">Svennevig, Jan. Echo Answers in Native/Non-Native Interaction. 2010. In Pragmatics, Vol. 13, No.2. 2003. DOI:10.1075/prag.13.2.04sve</ref>, “echo answers have two main usages. The first is to appropriate a candidate formulation and integrate it into one’s own turn in progress…The other is to claim a strengthened commitment to the answer…”

			'''Example (1):'''
			-'''Explainee:'''["So I'm at UC Berkeley, I'm a psychology student", 'studying cognitive neuro-science', 'and I just started my third year.']
			-'''Explainer:'''['Congratulations.']
			-'''Explainee:'''['Thank you.']
			-'''Explainer:'''['So a lot of brain stuff.']
			-'''Explainee:'''['''''A lot of brain stuff.'''''] ---> '''''Echo Response'''''

			'''Example (2):'''
			-'''Explainee:'''["I'm a fourth year Chemistry student at USF."]
			-'''Explainer:'''['So pretty science-y.']
			-'''Explainee:'''[Yes, '''''pretty science-y.'''''] ---> '''''Echo Response'''''

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	-'''Explainer:''' ['When we were much smaller societies,', 'you and I could trade in our community pretty easily.', 'As the distance in our trade grew,', 'we ended up inventing institutions, right?', 'If you Uber or you use Airbnb or you use Amazon even,', 'these are just digital marketplaces and platforms', 'that help us facilitate an exchange of value.', 'But today, we actually have a technology', 'that allows us to trade one to one but at scale,', "and it's called blockchain technology.", 'There is some kind of interface for it.', 'You could have an app, or you could use a computer', 'to do it, but instead of there being a company', "in the middle that's helping you make that transaction,", "it's a bunch of software code."]		-'''Explainer:''' ['When we were much smaller societies,', 'you and I could trade in our community pretty easily.', 'As the distance in our trade grew,', 'we ended up inventing institutions, right?', 'If you Uber or you use Airbnb or you use Amazon even,', 'these are just digital marketplaces and platforms', 'that help us facilitate an exchange of value.', 'But today, we actually have a technology', 'that allows us to trade one to one but at scale,', "and it's called blockchain technology.", 'There is some kind of interface for it.', 'You could have an app, or you could use a computer', 'to do it, but instead of there being a company', "in the middle that's helping you make that transaction,", "it's a bunch of software code."]
	-'''Explainee:''' ['Okay.']		-'''Explainee:''' ['Okay.']
	-'''Explainer:''' ['''''And so it's being run by all of these different computers that have like a node. So they're all running the same software. and guaranteeing your transactions as they happen.'''''] --->'''''~~Elaborating~~'''''		-'''Explainer:''' ['''''And so it's being run by all of these different computers that have like a node. So they're all running the same software. and guaranteeing your transactions as they happen.'''''] --->'''''Elaboration'''''

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	<h2>~~Elaborating~~</h2>		<h2>Elaboration</h2>
	This is an assertion by the tutor that fills in missing information that the tutor regards as important, but otherwise might be missed by the student. In essence, information is simply transmitted from the tutor to the learner, as opposed to having the learner generate the information		This is an assertion by the tutor that fills in missing information that the tutor regards as important, but otherwise might be missed by the student. In essence, information is simply transmitted from the tutor to the learner, as opposed to having the learner generate the information
	<!--\parencite{GRAESSER199935}. --><ref name="GRAESSER199935">Graesser, A. C., Wiemer-Hastings, K., Wiemer-Hastings, P., Kreuz, R., & Tutoring Research Group. (1999). AutoTutor: A simulation of a human tutor. Cognitive Systems Research, 1(1), 35-51.‏</ref>		<!--\parencite{GRAESSER199935}. --><ref name="GRAESSER199935">Graesser, A. C., Wiemer-Hastings, K., Wiemer-Hastings, P., Kreuz, R., & Tutoring Research Group. (1999). AutoTutor: A simulation of a human tutor. Cognitive Systems Research, 1(1), 35-51.‏</ref>

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	-'''Explainee:''' ['''''Whoa.'''''] ---> '''''Phrasal backchannel'''''		-'''Explainee:''' ['''''Whoa.'''''] ---> '''''Phrasal backchannel'''''

			<h2> Positive Feedback </h2>
			Positive Feedback can be generated in answer to the previous utterance. It could be a statement or a short answer. For instance, the speaker confirms the previous utterance by using remarks such as “that’s true”, ‘absolutely”, “exactly”, etc., or the speaker might respond by generating a simple positive word/phrase such as “yes”, “yes, I do”.


			'''Example(1):'''
			-'''''Explainee:''''' ['Well, dogs are very playful, I think, more than cats.', 'Cats lick themselves more than dogs, I think.']
			-'''''Explainer:''''' ['''''That's true.''''', 'Do you think, if we look at these pictures,', 'do you think maybe we could say,', 'Well, they both have pointy ears,', 'but the dogs have a different kind of body', 'and the cats like to stand up a little different.?', 'Do you think that makes sense?']--> '''''Positive Feedback'''''


			'''Example(2):'''
			-'''''Explainer:''''' ['And so we get the power with a lot less energy', "'cause its power is energy per unit time.", "So we aren't depositing much energy in comparison.", "Can I just ask, 'cause you are using", 'the thermal process of it heating up,', 'but have you ever had the opportunity', 'to use laser tweezers?']
			-'''''Explainee:''''' ['''''I have, yeah.''''', 'We use optical tweezers to trap particles in solution.']--> '''''Positive Feedback'''''


			'''Example(3):'''
			-'''''Explainer:''''' ['So it is amazing, the parallels.', 'And optics is used everywhere.', "We're gonna possibly take over from CERN,", "we'll just do high energy physics with lasers,", "we're looking at gravity waves with lasers,", 'we wanna do black holes with lasers,', 'we wanna machine with lasers,', 'we wanna do medicine with lasers.', "It's everywhere.", 'And now, with the Nobel prize, people are hearing', 'more about it so they know lasers are everywhere.']
			-'''''Explainee:''''' ['''''I couldn't agree with you more''''']--> '''''Positive Feedback'''''



			<h2> Praise </h2>
			Praise is an utterance where a (warm) approval or admiration of someone or something is expressed. <ref name"praise">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/praise</ref>


			'''Example:'''
			-'''Explainee:'''["What's blockchain?"]
			-'''Explainer:'''['''''That's a really good question.''''', "It's actually a way that we can trade.", 'Do you know what trade is?']---> '''''Praise'''''
			-'''Explainee:'''["Mmm-hmm, it's when you take turns doing something.", "It's when you give up most of what you want, right?"]

	<h2>Quantification question</h2>		<h2>Quantification question</h2>