Other terms - Revision history

Wikiadmin at 09:05, 29 August 2023

2023-08-29T09:05:06Z

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	<h2>Monitoring</h2>		<h2>Monitoring</h2>
	~~"In this~~ multimodal process~~, the~~ observed ~~outcome is~~ compared to what was predicted<ref name="Pickering_ Garrod_2013">Pickering MJ, Garrod S. An integrated theory of language production and comprehension. Behav Brain Sci. 2013 Aug;36(4):329-47. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X12001495. Epub 2013 Jun 24. PMID: 23789620.‏</ref>. ~~Via monitoring, the partners multimodally (i.e., using~~ speech, gestures and nonverbal ~~behavior) keep~~ track ~~of the progress in a~~ joint task. ~~For example, the~~ explainer ~~will monitor~~ the ~~explainee’s~~ understanding ~~by evaluating whether her~~ or ~~his way of explaining has been successful or whether further elaboration or modification is needed~~. ~~Vice versa~~, the explainee ~~will monitor~~ the explainer by accepting a level of detail ~~that is needed~~ for a ~~particular~~ explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>		Monitoring is a multimodal process where observed outcomes are compared to what was predicted<ref name="Pickering_ Garrod_2013">Pickering MJ, Garrod S. An integrated theory of language production and comprehension. Behav Brain Sci. 2013 Aug;36(4):329-47. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X12001495. Epub 2013 Jun 24. PMID: 23789620.‏</ref>. Partners use speech, gestures, and nonverbal cues to track joint task progress. The explainer assesses the explainee's understanding, determining if their explanation is effective or requires refinement. Conversely, the explainee monitors the explainer, accepting the necessary level of detail for a specific explanation.<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>


	<h2>Scaffolding</h2>		<h2>Scaffolding</h2>

Wikiadmin at 18:35, 21 June 2023

2023-06-21T18:35:26Z

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	<h2>Monitoring</h2>		<h2>Monitoring</h2>
	"In this multimodal process, the observed outcome is compared to what was predicted. Via monitoring, the partners multimodally (i.e., using speech, gestures and nonverbal behavior) keep track of the progress in a joint task. For example, the explainer will monitor the explainee’s understanding by evaluating whether her or his way of explaining has been successful or whether further elaboration or modification is needed. Vice versa, the explainee will monitor the explainer by accepting a level of detail that is needed for a particular explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>		"In this multimodal process, the observed outcome is compared to what was predicted<ref name="Pickering_ Garrod_2013">Pickering MJ, Garrod S. An integrated theory of language production and comprehension. Behav Brain Sci. 2013 Aug;36(4):329-47. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X12001495. Epub 2013 Jun 24. PMID: 23789620.‏</ref>. Via monitoring, the partners multimodally (i.e., using speech, gestures and nonverbal behavior) keep track of the progress in a joint task. For example, the explainer will monitor the explainee’s understanding by evaluating whether her or his way of explaining has been successful or whether further elaboration or modification is needed. Vice versa, the explainee will monitor the explainer by accepting a level of detail that is needed for a particular explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Scaffolding</h2>		<h2>Scaffolding</h2>

Wikiadmin at 18:18, 21 June 2023

2023-06-21T18:18:26Z

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	<h2>Monitoring</h2>		<h2>Monitoring</h2>
	"In this multimodal process, the observed outcome is compared to what was predicted ~~(Pickering and Garrod 2013)~~. Via monitoring, the partners multimodally (i.e., using speech, gestures and nonverbal behavior) keep track of the progress in a joint task. For example, the explainer will monitor the explainee’s understanding by evaluating whether her or his way of explaining has been successful or whether further elaboration or modification is needed. Vice versa, the explainee will monitor the explainer by accepting a level of detail that is needed for a particular explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>		"In this multimodal process, the observed outcome is compared to what was predicted. Via monitoring, the partners multimodally (i.e., using speech, gestures and nonverbal behavior) keep track of the progress in a joint task. For example, the explainer will monitor the explainee’s understanding by evaluating whether her or his way of explaining has been successful or whether further elaboration or modification is needed. Vice versa, the explainee will monitor the explainer by accepting a level of detail that is needed for a particular explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Scaffolding</h2>		<h2>Scaffolding</h2>

Wikiadmin at 18:16, 21 June 2023

2023-06-21T18:16:06Z

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	<h2>Co-construction</h2>		<h2>Co-construction</h2>
	"Co-construction refers to an interactive and iterative process of negotiating both the explanandum and the form of understanding for explanations. It is a process that is performed mutually by sequentially building on, refining, and modifying the interaction: Each partner elaborates upon the other partner’s last contribution. The processes of scaffolding and monitoring ~~(see below)~~ guide this elaboration and direct it toward a specific form of understanding. In effect, what is achieved is the participation of both partners in moving toward a goal. Whereas the co-construction of an explanation takes place on the microlevel of an unfolding interaction and can thus be accessed directly, the process is modulated crucially on the macrolevel of the interaction."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>		In the realm of explanations, "co-construction refers to an interactive and iterative process of negotiating both the explanandum and the form of understanding for explanations. It is a process that is performed mutually by sequentially building on, refining, and modifying the interaction: Each partner elaborates upon the other partner’s last contribution. The processes of scaffolding and monitoring guide this elaboration and direct it toward a specific form of understanding. In effect, what is achieved is the participation of both partners in moving toward a goal. Whereas the co-construction of an explanation takes place on the microlevel of an unfolding interaction and can thus be accessed directly, the process is modulated crucially on the macrolevel of the interaction."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Explainee</h2>		<h2>Explainee</h2>

Wikiadmin at 12:50, 27 February 2023

2023-02-27T12:50:41Z

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	<h2>Explainee</h2>		<h2>Explainee</h2>
	"The agent on the receiving end of an explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>		"The agent on the receiving end of an explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

			When a teacher explains a concept in class, she is the explainer and the students are the explainees.

	<h2>Explainer</h2>		<h2>Explainer</h2>

Wikiadmin at 12:49, 27 February 2023

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	<h2>Explainee</h2>		<h2>Explainee</h2>
	"The ~~addressee~~ of an explanation"<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>		"The agent on the receiving end of an explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Explainer</h2>		<h2>Explainer</h2>
	"The ~~person~~ who steers an explanation forward"<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>		"The agent who steers an explanation forward"<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Explanandum</h2>		<h2>Explanandum</h2>

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Wikiadmin at 14:10, 20 February 2022

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	In linguistics and in particular in natural language understanding, a dialog act is an utterance, in the context of a conversational dialog, that serves a function in the dialog. Types of dialog acts include a question, a statement, or a request for action. Dialog acts are a type of speech act.		In linguistics and in particular in natural language understanding, a dialog act is an utterance, in the context of a conversational dialog, that serves a function in the dialog. Types of dialog acts include a question, a statement, or a request for action. Dialog acts are a type of speech act.
	-->		-->


			==Notes==
			<references />

Wikiadmin at 14:02, 20 February 2022

2022-02-20T14:02:03Z

Show changes

Wikiadmin at 12:57, 20 February 2022

2022-02-20T12:57:37Z

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	<h2>AI systems</h2>		<h2>AI systems</h2>
	The notion of an “intelligent system” is neither defined precisely nor demarcated sharply from other systems, artifacts, or technical devices. Instead, the perception of what is judged to be intelligent changes with progress and exposure to such a system. Broadly speaking, an intelligent system is commonly understood as a computational system – such as a search engine, an online shopping assistant, a chat bot, or a cleaning robot – that leverages concepts, tools, and techniques from artificial intelligence in order to establish capabilities that are commonly attributed to humans while (still) being less typical of other soft- and hardware systems. Most notably, these capabilities let an AI system learn from experience and adapt to specific environmental conditions. As a consequence, an intelligent system exhibits a certain degree of autonomy, and its behavior is not completely prespecified. Importantly, intelligent systems are able to interact with humans or other systems through various modalities, for example, textual, visual, acoustic, or haptic signals. Whereas we share contemporary definitions of intelligent systems, we specifically focus on the abilities of AI systems to learn not only from prespecified data but also through interacting with humans.		"The notion of an “intelligent system” is neither defined precisely nor demarcated sharply from other systems, artifacts, or technical devices. Instead, the perception of what is judged to be intelligent changes with progress and exposure to such a system. Broadly speaking, an intelligent system is commonly understood as a computational system – such as a search engine, an online shopping assistant, a chat bot, or a cleaning robot – that leverages concepts, tools, and techniques from artificial intelligence in order to establish capabilities that are commonly attributed to humans while (still) being less typical of other soft- and hardware systems. Most notably, these capabilities let an AI system learn from experience and adapt to specific environmental conditions. As a consequence, an intelligent system exhibits a certain degree of autonomy, and its behavior is not completely prespecified. Importantly, intelligent systems are able to interact with humans or other systems through various modalities, for example, textual, visual, acoustic, or haptic signals. Whereas we share contemporary definitions of intelligent systems, we specifically focus on the abilities of AI systems to learn not only from prespecified data but also through interacting with humans." <ref name="TRR_318_proposal">TRR 318 Proposal</ref>


	<h2>Co-construction</h2>		<h2>Co-construction</h2>
	Co-construction refers to an interactive and iterative process of negotiating both the explanandum and the form of understanding for explanations. It is a process that is performed mutually by sequentially building on, refining, and modifying the interaction: Each partner elaborates upon the other partner’s last contribution. The processes of scaffolding and monitoring (see below) guide this elaboration and direct it toward a specific form of understanding. In effect, what is achieved is the participation of both partners in moving toward a goal. Whereas the co-construction of an explanation takes place on the microlevel of an unfolding interaction and can thus be accessed directly, the process is modulated crucially on the macrolevel of the interaction.		"Co-construction refers to an interactive and iterative process of negotiating both the explanandum and the form of understanding for explanations. It is a process that is performed mutually by sequentially building on, refining, and modifying the interaction: Each partner elaborates upon the other partner’s last contribution. The processes of scaffolding and monitoring (see below) guide this elaboration and direct it toward a specific form of understanding. In effect, what is achieved is the participation of both partners in moving toward a goal. Whereas the co-construction of an explanation takes place on the microlevel of an unfolding interaction and can thus be accessed directly, the process is modulated crucially on the macrolevel of the interaction."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Explainee</h2>		<h2>Explainee</h2>
	The addressee of an explanation		"The addressee of an explanation"<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Explainer</h2>		<h2>Explainer</h2>
	The person who steers an explanation forward		"The person who steers an explanation forward"<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Explanandum</h2>		<h2>Explanandum</h2>
	The entity (event, phenomenon) that is the subject of an explanation		"The entity (event, phenomenon) that is the subject of an explanation"<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Explanans</h2>		<h2>Explanans</h2>
	The (verbal) way that an explanation can be expressed and co-constructed by both partners		"The (verbal) way that an explanation can be expressed and co-constructed by both partners"<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Monitoring</h2>		<h2>Monitoring</h2>
	In this multimodal process, the observed outcome is compared to what was predicted (Pickering and Garrod 2013). Via monitoring, the partners multimodally (i.e., using speech, gestures and nonverbal behavior) keep track of the progress in a joint task. For example, the explainer will monitor the explainee’s understanding by evaluating whether her or his way of explaining has been successful or whether further elaboration or modification is needed. Vice versa, the explainee will monitor the explainer by accepting a level of detail that is needed for a particular explanation.		"In this multimodal process, the observed outcome is compared to what was predicted (Pickering and Garrod 2013). Via monitoring, the partners multimodally (i.e., using speech, gestures and nonverbal behavior) keep track of the progress in a joint task. For example, the explainer will monitor the explainee’s understanding by evaluating whether her or his way of explaining has been successful or whether further elaboration or modification is needed. Vice versa, the explainee will monitor the explainer by accepting a level of detail that is needed for a particular explanation."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Scaffolding</h2>		<h2>Scaffolding</h2>
	In developmental literature, scaffolding refers to the way an expert provides guidance to a learner within a learning process by increasing or reducing the level of assistance in accordance with the partner’s performance. In our approach, we transfer the term from the area of learning to understanding. In accordance with the idea that understanding is constructed by both partners, both partners can scaffold each other—that is, provide the other partner with the information needed to arrive at a joint construction of the explanandum and the desired form of understanding. Together with the process of monitoring, it is not only a form of guidance but also supervision, and both together aid the active participation of both partners.		"In developmental literature, scaffolding refers to the way an expert provides guidance to a learner within a learning process by increasing or reducing the level of assistance in accordance with the partner’s performance. In our approach, we transfer the term from the area of learning to understanding. In accordance with the idea that understanding is constructed by both partners, both partners can scaffold each other—that is, provide the other partner with the information needed to arrive at a joint construction of the explanandum and the desired form of understanding. Together with the process of monitoring, it is not only a form of guidance but also supervision, and both together aid the active participation of both partners."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Understanding</h2>		<h2>Understanding</h2>
	Whereas in the current debate on explainable systems (XAI), understanding refers to the problem of receiving “enough information” (Miller 2019, p. 11), in our approach, understanding is linked to what is relevant for the explainee. To account for variations in the progress of and the varying goals of explanations, we will differentiate between practices of enabling and comprehension. With enabling, we refer to explanations in the context of choosing or performing an action. Comprehension, in contrast, accounts for a reflexive awareness that may lead to a conceptual framework for a phenomenon that goes beyond what is immediately perceivable. We expect further differentiations that will be explored in the individual projects.		"Whereas in the current debate on explainable systems (XAI), understanding refers to the problem of receiving “enough information” (Miller 2019, p. 11), in our approach, understanding is linked to what is relevant for the explainee. To account for variations in the progress of and the varying goals of explanations, we will differentiate between practices of enabling and comprehension. With enabling, we refer to explanations in the context of choosing or performing an action. Comprehension, in contrast, accounts for a reflexive awareness that may lead to a conceptual framework for a phenomenon that goes beyond what is immediately perceivable. We expect further differentiations that will be explored in the individual projects."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

	<h2>Social-practice</h2>		<h2>Social-practice</h2>
	Social practice determines the social relations and power structures in a given situation and thereby provides a specific (normative) background for the way interaction will play out in order to ‘place’ the explanation appropriately, and finally how that explanation will be interpreted. Social practice is a product of our actions with respect to each other that often has both social consequences and social presuppositions. The consequences on the one hand and the presuppositions on the other hand speak to the two timescales that constitute a social practice: In terms of consequences, every explaining process re-establishes the relevant social practice; in terms of presuppositions, in turn, the experience of an explaining process will confirm or make a new contribution to our expectations, roles, and partner models in relation to this particular social practice.		"Social practice determines the social relations and power structures in a given situation and thereby provides a specific (normative) background for the way interaction will play out in order to ‘place’ the explanation appropriately, and finally how that explanation will be interpreted. Social practice is a product of our actions with respect to each other that often has both social consequences and social presuppositions. The consequences on the one hand and the presuppositions on the other hand speak to the two timescales that constitute a social practice: In terms of consequences, every explaining process re-establishes the relevant social practice; in terms of presuppositions, in turn, the experience of an explaining process will confirm or make a new contribution to our expectations, roles, and partner models in relation to this particular social practice."<ref name="TRR_318_proposal"/>

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	<h2>dyad</h2>		<h2>dyad</h2>
	~~In sociology, a dyad~~ (~~from the Greek: δυάς dyás, "pair"~~) is a ~~group of two people, the smallest possible social group. As an adjective,~~ "~~dyadic~~" ~~describes their interaction~~. ~~The pair of individuals in a~~ dyad can be linked via romantic interest, family relation, interests, work, partners in crime, and so on. The relation can be based on equality, but may be based on an asymmetrical or hierarchical relationship (master–servant).		two individuals (such as husband and wife) maintaining a sociologically significant relationship <ref name="">https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dyad</ref>


	<h2>partner-model</h2>		<h2>partner-model</h2>